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SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
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443 U.S. 47
Brown v. Texas
APPEAL FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW No. 2, EL PASO COUNTY, TEXAS
No. 77-6673 Argued: February 21, 1979 --- Decided: June 25, 1979
Two police officers, while cruising near noon in a patrol car, observed appellant and another man walking away from one another in an alley in an area with a high incidence of drug traffic. They stopped and asked appellant to identify himself and explain what he was doing. One officer testified that he stopped appellant because the situation "looked suspicious, and we had never seen that subject in that area before." The officers did not claim to suspect appellant of any specific misconduct, nor did they have any reason to believe that he was armed. When appellant refused to identify himself, he was arrested for violation of a Texas statute which makes it a criminal act for a person to refuse to give his name and address to an officer "who has lawfully stopped him and requested the information." Appellant's motion to set aside an information charging him with violation of the statute on the ground that the statute violated the First, Fourth, Fifth, and
Fourteenth Amendments was denied, and he was convicted and fined.
Held: The application of the Texas statute to detain appellant and require him to identify himself violated the
Fourth Amendment because
the officers lacked any reasonable suspicion to believe that appellant was engaged or had engaged in criminal conduct. Detaining appellant to require him to identify himself constituted a seizure of his person subject to the requirement of the
Fourth Amendment that the seizure be "reasonable."
Cf. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1;
United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873. The
Fourth Amendment requires that such a seizure be based on specific, objective facts indicating that society's legitimate interests require such action, or that the seizure be carried out pursuant to a plan embodying explicit, neutral limitations on the conduct of individual officers.
Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648. Here, the State does not contend that appellant was stopped pursuant to a practice embodying neutral criteria, and the officers' actions were not justified on the ground that they had a reasonable suspicion, based on objective facts, that he was involved in criminal activity.
Absent any basis for suspecting appellant of misconduct, the balance between the public interest in crime prevention and appellant's right to personal [p48] security and privacy tilts in favor of freedom from police interference.
The police must have a reason to ask for your identification. It's okay to ask why they're asking, too. It's not okay for cops to go around asking for stuff as if they are private citizens while dressed and working as cops. Police are citizens, but while in uniform, they can't do things like askcitizens for charitable contributions. The idea that they have an unlimitedright to ask for stuffis not founded inactual practice, although citizens will often agree to police searches in an effort to cooperate with law enforcement.Their cooperation is sometimes repaid with the enforcement of laws against them which theydidn't realize they were in violation of.
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